Essay on Hamlet and Gatsby Comparison - 1114 Words

Love is an essential part of life. Every individual wants to be loved, and needs someone to love. It is an element that is fundamental to the well-being of all human kind; it is that magic that can heal wounds. However love also has the capacity to traumatize a person if it is extracted from their life. While we all wish to experience love, many of us tend to find the often inevitable detachment to be quite painful. In the novel The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsbys longing for Daisy Buchanan leads him to his own downfall. Similarly in the novel Hamlet, Hamlets extreme love for his father and his hatred towards his mother play a major role in his tragedy. In these works, there are a number of motivating factors that contribute to the downfall†¦show more content†¦They believe it is because Ophelia, his former lover, left upon words of her father. Hamlet procrastinated in the killing of Claudius as he waited for his confession. Hoping to inspire a confession, Young Hamlet puts on a play that resembles what truly happened to King Hamlet to catch the conscious of Claudius. But more truthfully, Hamlet sought to prove to his mother that she was wrong in her actions after her husband’s death. Hamlet later sees Claudius alone praying, and although he would have been an easy target, Hamlet refrains from killing him then because he believed that Claudius should be able to make peace with God and go to heaven upon his death. In reality, Claudius was not indeed praying, and thus Hamlet missed his only opportunity to avenge his father’s death. This event ultimately led to Hamlets own death when Claudius realized Hamlets motives and wanted to get rid of him. Hamlet’s love for his father drove him to lose his love, Ophelia, his friends, and his life. Hamlet and Gatsby are similar in that they are willing to go through so much to the point where it leads to their death, so as to bring happiness to those whom they love. Being accepted by â€Å"old mon ey† was very important to Jay Gatsby. He thought that if he was accepted by this elite group he will be able to win over Daisy, the woman he had come to love. Yet his unwillingness to trust himself and to be proud of who he was lead toShow MoreRelatedTragedy: Shakespeares Hamlet and Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1007 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare and the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the objective is to divulge the quintessence of humanity. Although the protagonists in both works of literature have drastically different journeys that lead to climactic endings, the use of plot is to demonstrate that the essence of mankind is ultimately a tragedy if great care is not taken. Both Hamlet and Jay Gatsby are unable to focus on the reality of the situation, and rather waste valuable timeRead MoreGatsby and Hamlet Essays2219 Words   |  9 PagesExamining Hamlet and The Great Gatsby 1/9/13 According to Roger Lewis, â€Å"The acquisition of money and love are both part of the same dream, the will to return to the quintessential unity that exists only at birth and at death† (41). In both William Shakespeares play, Hamlet, and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, the protagonists are willing to sacrifice all that they have in order to achieve their unrealistic objectives and ambitions, resulting in their tragic demises. While thereRead MoreThe Character Charlie From The Novel And How His Growth757 Words   |  4 Pagesof Being a Wallflower† to other novels in order to better understand the story. This article discusses the connection’s between â€Å"The Perks of Being a Wallflower† with other popular novels like ‘To Kill a Mockingbird†, â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, â€Å"The Catcher in The Rye† and â€Å"Hamlet†. This article discusses the different genres of many novels and how they apply to â₠¬Å"The Perks of Being a Wallflower†. The author focuses on Intertextuality through out the whole article, which creates a better understanding forRead MoreCompare the Great Gatsby and Hamlet2641 Words   |  11 PagesMelody Akinduro ENG4U Ms.Jackson 8th of January 2012. The Journal Of The Great Gatsby JOURNAL ONE The great Gatsby book started with a man telling us his father advised him never to criticize anyone , he said his father told him he should remember that all this people in this world havent had the advantages that youve had and his father thought him how to be reserved. He also have good manners and a well honourable character. Nick just graduated from yale university and heRead MoreThe Adaptation of Books and Short Stories Into Films2345 Words   |  9 PagesFrankenstein takes a number of liberties with Mary Shellys original story, and thus is a prime example of the second form of adaptation. Directed by James Whale, the 1931 Frankenstein simplifies the original story and changes the ending, and based on a comparison between the book and the film, one may reasonably presume that these changes were the result of technical limitations and a desire to make the story more palatable for a wider audience. The monster is turned into a hulking, simple-minded brute,Read MoreStudy Guide Li terary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pageshe waged war on Cyrus he would destroy a great empire, Croesus thought the oracle meant his enemys empire. In fact, the empire Croesus destroyed by going to war was his own 6. analogy- A comparison of two different things that are alike in some way (see metaphor and simile). 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The And School Promotion And Graduation Ceremonies

Throughout history, it has been questioned frequently to what extent is there religious freedom in this country and what constitutes a violation in the First Amendment. In a recent court case, it has been questioned whether a middle school promotion and high school graduation should be allowed to be held in a church. The school could not hold the promotion and graduation ceremonies because the auditorium was found to be holding high levels of unhealthy chemicals from paint and this was also found at the middle and high school’s gyms and cafeterias.The school decided that the best option would be to hold the promotion and graduation at an alternate indoor location, a Church. The Church is the most appealing location to the school because it is a large enough location to seat all of the people who want to attend, plenty of parking and there will also be no interference of weather implications. However, the holding of the ceremonies in the church has brought forth the question wh ether it is constitutional or not. As proven through the Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), Engel v. Vitale (1962), Lee v. Weisman (1992), Santa Fe Independent School District v Doe (2000) and the Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004) court cases, it has proven that the holding of the ceremonies in Church will be held constitutional. During the year 1971, there were two cases that involved controversies over laws in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. In Pennsylvania, there was a law that statute wasShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : College Admissions1424 Words   |  6 PagesDuring a typical high school graduation, speeches are given by a select few, notable students. These notable students normally include the two students who earned the highest grade point averages out of all the students in their graduating class - the valedictorian and the salutatorian. 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It will further show how our founders idea of a separate church and state has been taken out of context and why prayer in school should be allowed, but not requiredRead MoreMarketing Promotion Is On Spending Money1463 Words   |  6 PagesMost of the marketing promotion is about spending money. We need to send promotions at regular intervals, through specific campaigns and need to know the spread of the budget accordingly. The marketing budget will have details that are specific to each channel, competitions, retail discounts and corporate discounts. The overall budget will have contingency to increase advertisement to counter any competition or if completion matches, then i ncrease the frequency of the promotions. 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Turkey Environment is Feasible for Business Environment

Question: Discuss about the Turkey Environment is Feasible for Business Environment. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this study is to analyze the cultural aspects of a chosen country. Here, the chosen country is Turkey. Therefore, a brief cultural comparison between Singapore and UK has been conducted in this report. Culture of an individual represents the knowledge, believe and moral values (Mazanec et al., 2015). In case of culture of a country, the description remains same. It represents the value, behavior and knowledge of people. Now cultural value of every country is different from each other. Therefore, in international business, it is highly important to understand cultural preference of the host country. It helps to satisfy the consumers according to their needs and demands. Rationale of choosing country The chosen country for this report is Turkey, which is an Asia pacific developing country. The business environment of this country is healthy and therefore, choosing this country would help to understand the cultural different with the home country in an effective manner (Mack, 2015). However, the major barriers for business organization in this country are access to tax, finance and political instability. Turkey is highly diverse in terms of cultural background and therefore, it would be easy to analyze the cultural background of this country. As this country is feasible for international business, it would help to understand the critical success factor of the organizations (Alomar, Wanick Wills, 2016). Apart from that, Turkey is a developing country and therefore, demands of products and services are very high. Cultural analysis of the selected country In order to analyze the cultural background of Turkey, it would be beneficial to utilize the Hofstedes Cultural Dimension model. According to this model, the cultural background of a country can be analyzed in six dimensions. The dimensions arte power distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Long-Term Orientation and Indulgence (Desmarchelier Fang, 2016). Hofstede has mentioned these dimensions to measure the cultural background of the country. However, this model has many more utilities for the organizations those are interested in international expansion (Bishop et al., 2016). Following is the analysis of Turkeys cultural background by using the 6-D model of Greet Hofstede. Power Distance: This dimension of Hofstedes model identifies the extent in which the people believe in inequality. According to Hofstede, not all individual of a society are equal. This dimension defines the extent in which individuals of a society accept inequality (Rahimi, 2015). In case of Turkey, the score of this dimension is high (66). Therefore, it can be said that people believes that power is not equally distributed. In business, leaders control the workforce by giving work orders. Therefore, it can be said that innovation within the workforce is a bit low in this country. Individualism: This dimension of Hofstedes model determined whether the society believes in individualism or not. In case of individualism, people look after their own community rather than other people. On the other hand, people collectivist society belongs to a specific group. In this dimension, Turkey scores only 37, which makes the country a collectivist society (Brown, Kingsley Paterson, 2015). Therefore, people believe in working as a team rather than working as an individual. If business perspective is being considered, workforce of this country is good team performer. Apart from that, moral value of people is their priority rather than short-term benefits. Masculinity: This dimension determines that whether the society is driven by competitiveness or not. For example, if people believe in competition, then the score of this dimension would be high. On the other hand, the score will be low, if people do not believe in competition. In case of Turkey, the score of this dimension is 45, which is moderate. Therefore, it can be said that people are not that competitive here (Rahimi, 2015). As a result, the market competition in Turkey is lower than other developing countries. The reason behind this low score is somehow the high PDI score. People here avoid conflict with each other when conducting business or in case of personal relationship as well. Uncertainty Avoidance: This dimension of Hofstedes model determines the extent in which people believe that they cannot know the future. Apart from that, this dimension also determines the extent in which they believe that future can be controlled or not (Ferraro Brody, 2015). A high value of this dimension shows that people feel threatened by the certain change in situation. On the other hand, a low score in this dimension determines that people are ready to fight against uncertain environmental change in society. In case of Turkey, the score is very high (Koseoglu, Akdeve Craft, 2015). Therefore, it can be said that people feel threatened by the certain changes and therefore, government of this country should implement a range of legal framework in order to reduce anxiety level of people. Long-term Orientation: This dimension of Hofstedes model determines determined the extent in which people think for long-term business venture. A high value of this dimension determines the extent in which people think for long-term benefits (Ã…Å ¾ahin, Duman Grses 2015). On the other hand, a low value of this dimension shows that people just think for short-term benefits rather than planning for future. In case of Turkey, the score of this dimension is 46, which means people think about short-term benefits and therefore they like to be in dominant culture. The traditional procedures of business is preferred by people rather than accepting the impact of globalization. Indulgence: This dimension of Hofstedes model determines the extent in which people are socialized. A high degree of this dimension shows that people are socialized in nature and communicate with the outside world in order to be updated (Duygulu et al., 2015). On the other hand, a low value of this dimension shows that people need to stay apart from the society. In case of Turkey, the score of this dimension is 49, which is a moderate one. Therefore, it can be said that people are socialized, but the score of being more socialized is high for this country. Business culture of the Turkey and its difference with Singapore In order to analyze the business culture of a country, it is highly important to focus on some specific characteristics such as business communication, business meeting etiquette, business etiquette, student placement, work-life balance, cost of living and social media guidance in business (Ozdasli, 2015). Business communication: In order to understand business communication of a country, it is highly important to assess the basic communication style of people. In Turkey, people greet each other before starting conversation. They believe in politeness while communicating with people. In case of verbal communication, People of Turkey believe that the first impression matters (Collins, 2015). Therefore, a polite communication would help to conduct efficient business in this market. Similarly, Singapore is a mixed culture country, where four different languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Malaya, English and Tamil used to communicate. English is the globally accepted business language in this country. Mutual comprehension is the necessary factor for building business communication in this country. Business etiquette: In business, people in Turkey are very punctual in nature. They believe in traditional procedures while conducting business dwellings. As discussed earlier, people in this country are polite in nature, it is important to be in proper dress code while conducting business with them (Mazanec et al., 2015). Apart from that, in order to conduct business in this market, an organization should pay close attention to the customer relation. They should not engage any marketing campaign, which harms their cultural values. Similar goes with the Singapore; here, people maintain decent business etiquette. Punctuality in business dealings is a necessary factor in this country (Mack, 2015). People in this country greet other people in traditional manner. However, the younger people are deviated from the traditional practices. Work-life balance: In Turkey, the organizations do not have any written policy for maintaining work-life balance. However, organizations maintain some unwritten practices in order to reduce unnecessary work pressure of the workforce. Research has reveled that Turkish men spend low domestic time in contrast with the women (Alomar, Wanick Wills, 2016). The guilt over responsibilities noted among the women and therefore, they face difficulties in terms of work-life balance. On the other hand, work-life balance in Singapore is poor that other countries. High cost of living is one of the major reasons for which people work for long hours. It prevents the workforce from spending domestic time. Analyzing Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions and Turkeys business environment In order to enter in Turkey market, an organization should understand preferences of people. It will help the company to understand the consumers demands as well as employees requirements (Desmarchelier Fang, 2016). Analyzing Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions would help the organizations to understand how they should build organizational policies and procedures for both consumers and employees. In this cultural model, six dimensions that an organization should analyze in order to conduct sustainable business. Following are the analysis of these dimensions based on Turkeys cultural aspects. Power Distance: According to the Hofstedes cultural theory, score of this dimension for Turkey is high. It means, people in this country believes in hierarchy rather than equal distribution of power. Therefore, an organization should have an appropriate leadership approach in order to have good command over the workforce (Bishop et al., 2016). A foreign company should evaluate the workforce in order to understand their abilities. In this country, people need a good direction in order to achieve a set of objectives. Therefore, understanding employees ability would allow the leaders to lead the workforce in an efficient manner. Individualism: According to this cultural model, the score of this dimension is low. It means people in this society believe in collectivism. In order to expand business in this kind of society, an organization needs to build good relationship with their employees and consumers. People in this community are driven by emotional attachment (Rahimi, 2015). Therefore, an organization should focus on employee engagement in order to increase employee retention. Moreover, it will also increase performance of the workforce in an effective manner. Apart from that, emotional marketing is required in order to attract the consumers. Masculinity: This dimension of Hofstedes cultural dimension shows that Turkey is not a competitive market. Here, people believe in low conflict in business sectors. Therefore, it would be difficult for the organizations to gain competitive advantages (Brown, Kingsley Paterson, 2015). However, an organization should encourage fair trade in order to conduct sustainable business in Turkish market. Uncertainty Avoidance: In case of Turkey, people face difficulties with uncertain situation. They feel threatened by the certain change. Therefore, an organization should implement effective policies and procedures for protecting future threats (Rahimi, 2015). The policies and procedure should secure health and wellbeing of the workforce. Apart from that, work-life balance is another policy that an organization should implement. Long-term Orientation: This dimension of Hofstedes cultural model shows that people in this country think about short-term benefits rather than long-term benefits. In order to conduct in such business environment, an organization should implement marketing strategies for achieving short-term organizational objectives (Ferraro Brody, 2015). In this manner, it will be possible for the organization to fulfill overall organizational objectives in an efficient manner. Indulgence: This dimension of Hofstedes cultural model shows that in which extent people are socialized. The score of Turkey in this dimension is low. Therefore, it would be difficult for an organization to conduct sustainable business, because social media marketing would not help the organization to promote their offerings (Ã…Å ¾ahin, Duman Grses, 2015). Therefore, the organization should utilize newspaper advertisement and other platform for advertisement in order to promote their offerings. Conclusions While concluding, it can be said that Turkey is a mixed cultural environment. People in this country believe that punctuality is the key to success in business. The reason behind choosing this country is high demands of goods and services. In order to analyze the cultural aspects of Turkey and Singapore, Hofstedes cultural model has been utilized in this report. The analysis of Hofstedes cultural model shows that Turkey is one of the most viable markets for conducting sustainable business. References Alomar, N., Wanick, V., Wills, G. (2016). The design of a hybrid cultural model for Arabic gamified systems.Computers in Human Behavior,64, 472-485. Bishop, H., Hoang, D. T., Boone, C., Steinberg, D. H. (2016, January). CUSTOMER SERVICE HOFSTEDES CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN CHINA THE USA AMONG ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROFESSIONALS. InAllied Academies International Conference. Academy of Management Information and Decision Sciences. Proceedings(Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 2). Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc. Brown, P., Kingsley, J., Paterson, S. (2015).The Fear-free Organization: Vital Insights from Neuroscience to Transform Your Business Culture. Kogan Page Publishers. Collins, I. (2015). Using international accreditation in higher education to effect changes in organisational culture: A case study from a Turkish university.Journal of Research in International Education,14(2), 141-154. Desmarchelier, B., Fang, E. S. (2016). National culture and innovation diffusion. Exploratory insights from agent-based modeling.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,105, 121-128. Duygulu, E., Ozeren, E., Bagiran, D., Appolloni, A., Mavisu, M. (2015). Gaining insight into innovation culture within the context of RD centres in Turkey.International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management,19(1-2), 117-146. Ferraro, G., Brody, E. K. (2015).Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge. Koseoglu, M. A., Akdeve, E., Craft, J. (2015). How does business ethics literature progress in developing countries? Evidence from Turkey.Middle East Journal of Management,2(2), 121-142. Mack, J. W. (2015). Power, Collectivism, and the Failure of the 1911 Revolution: A Cultural Analysis. Mazanec, J. A., Crotts, J. C., Gursoy, D., Lu, L. (2015). Homogeneity versus heterogeneity of cultural values: An item-response theoretical approach applying Hofstede's cultural dimensions in a single nation.Tourism Management,48, 299-304. Ozdasli, M. L. K. (2015). Influence of Social Culture on Decision-Making Manner in Turkey: An Analysis with the Structural Equation Model.Anthropologist,19(2), 341-353. Rahimi, S. (2015).Meaning, madness and political subjectivity: A study of schizophrenia and culture in Turkey. Routledge. Rahimi, S. (2015).Meaning, madness and political subjectivity: A study of schizophrenia and culture in Turkey. Routledge. Ã…Å ¾ahin, M., Duman, D., Grses, S. (2015). Big business of plagiarism under the guise of (re) translation: The case of Turkey.Babel,61(2), 193-218.

Taxes Essay Research Paper TaxesAn income tax free essay sample

Taxs Essay, Research Paper TaxesAn income revenue enhancement is a revenue enhancement based on the income of an person or a concern. In the United States, personal income revenue enhancement histories for about 45 % of the entire revenue enhancement revenue.i Income revenue enhancement was foremost used as a impermanent method of assisting finance the Civil War. Soon after the Civil War, the income revenue enhancement was repealed. Then, in 1913 the 16th amendment was ratified to let income revenue enhancement. At its simplest signifier there are three chief types of income revenue enhancement, a progressive revenue enhancement, a regressive revenue enhancement, and a relative revenue enhancement. A progressive revenue enhancement means that taxpayers will be taxed at a higher per centum rate the higher their incomes are. A regressive revenue enhancement collects a smaller per centum of income the higher the income. Last, a relative revenue enhancement would roll up at the same per centum rate for all incomes or a level revenue enhancement. We will write a custom essay sample on Taxes Essay Research Paper TaxesAn income tax or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At present, the American income revenue enhancement system is, rather honestly, a muss. In my sentiment, the current revenue enhancement system is far excessively complex strictly because of present # 8220 ; just # 8221 ; actions to repair past maltreatments. Confusion, equity and a deficiency of simpleness have been the major jobs associated with the person. Ex-President Jimmy Carter one time called the U.S. revenue enhancement codification a shame to the human race.ii With revenue enhancement reform on the lips of many on Capital Hill, many different revenue enhancement reform proposals have floated to the surface. Of the many proposals a few standout. A Consumption Tax is one of the more favorite revenue enhancement reforms being discussed by politicians and economic experts likewise. It entails paying revenue enhancement merely on that portion of your income which was spent during the financial twelvemonth. This revenue enhancement, as discussed in category, is a regressive re venue enhancement due to the fact that the hapless spend 95-100 % of their income whereas the rich spend a much smaller per centum of their income. A Retail Gross saless Tax is another of the new revenue enhancement proposals being discussed. It consists of a national gross revenues revenue enhancement of 6-8 % coupled with no freedoms or any tax write-offs. This revenue enhancement is besides regressive due to the same fact that the hapless spend the bulk of their income while the rich do non. Possibly the most talked about revenue enhancement reform proposal is the level revenue enhancement proposal. The proposed level revenue enhancement is being spearheaded by Richard Armey the Republican Representative from Texas. A level revenue enhancement consists of many different facets that would assure a new manner Americans would see revenue enhancements, good or bad. The level revenue enhancement would dwell of the undermentioned commissariats: Americans would be taxed at the level rev enue enhancement rate of 20 % for the first three old ages that the taxwould be enacted. After the initial three old ages, the revenue enhancement would fall to 17 % . The revenue enhancement ispaid on gross gross. Taxes would no longer be paid on dividends, capital additions, orinterest. No tax write-offs from gross income. Tax write-offs for mortgage involvement, retirementaccounts, charitable parts, traveling disbursals, and kid attention would be eliminated. Each grownup taxpayer would acquire a personal freedom of $ 13,100 and $ 5,300 for each childdependent.iii There have been several different fluctuations of the same basic thought of a level revenue enhancement. In the early 1990 # 8217 ; s, then-presidential campaigner Jerry Brown had a somewhat different version that version contained a level revenue enhancement that was lower and more tax write-offs were besides included.iv Presently a Pennsylvania senator, Arlen Spector, is suggesting a level revenue enhancement reform that resembles that of House of Majority Leader Dick Armey.v Although there are many advocators of the level revenue enhancement there are still difficult line critics. They believe that the revenue enhancement is a regressive one seting the rich and the in-between category in the same revenue enhancement bracket while go forthing the hapless buttocks. Critics besides believe that the level revenue enhancement reform being proposed would be to # 8220 ; simplistic # 8221 ; . Simplicity is, on the other manus, one of the grounds that advocators of the level revenue enhancement believe it would be so heartily accepted by the American populace. Found below is a possible revenue enhancement retu radon that could be the size of a station card. Possible Tax Return1.Gross Income __________2.Personal and Dependency Exemptions-__________3.Taxable Income __________4.Taxes Paid ( multiply line 3 by 20 % /17 % ) __________ Simplicity is merely an ends to the agencies that Armey and others feel will profit the American revenue enhancement remunerators and the American authorities. Chiefly, a level revenue enhancement would cut down on the cost of runing the Internal Revenue System ( IRS ) which has been estimated as 10s of one million millions of dollars. The IRS still can # 8217 ; t history for about $ 120 billion in lost revenue enhancement gross due to underreporting of income and overstating of tax write-offs or exemptions.vi With a level revenue enhancement there is small leeway with tax write-offs and freedoms so the potency for lost gross is lower. In add-on, because of the simpleness of the filing procedure, people who may non hold filed in the yesteryear may be inspired to make full out the easier signifier. A level reve nue enhancement, harmonizing to Christopher Farrel editorialist for Business Week, would # 8220 ; extinguish the demand for so many revenue enhancement attorneies and accountants. # 8221 ; This new reform would besides incorporate the potency for downsizing the IRS. It would besides extinguish current disbursement on record maintaining IRS audits, and revenue enhancement readying fees paid by revenue enhancement payers.vii Many would reason that this is a much lower revenue enhancement rate for the rich in this state. True so, but the thought behind this harmonizing to Armey is that with the freed up income, the rich will put back into out economic system. There is no uncertainty harmonizing to Michael ruby, Co-Editor of U.S. New A ; World Report, that revenue enhancements would fall for about all families in the US. He is speedy to indicate out that those families gaining more that $ 200,000 would pay significantly less than before the level revenue enhancement. Ruby believes th atThe fairness issue can be addressed by making a 2nd revenue enhancement bracket as mentioned above. By utilizing a two-bracket attack, the fairness issue can be addressed without giving the simpleness to any great extent. To construct on this, under Armey # 8217 ; s level revenue enhancement proposal, a household of four can do over $ 29,000 and still pay no revenue enhancements whereas now they may pay over $ 6,000 in taxes.ix Another advantage of the level revenue enhancement proposal is that people will hold more money to pass on wellness attention. The authorities may be able to take down disbursement with respects to Medicare and other plans such as Welfare and some kid attention plans. There is besides strong grounds proposing that decreased revenue enhancement rates besides have the advantages of increasing the inducement to gain income, while mooing the inducement for taxpayers to happen loopholes. Overall, the Flat Tax Proposal is a really challenging proposal. There see m to be a batch of benefits that are coupled to it, but with any proposal, at this point there are still some loopholes associated with it. Of the current revenue enhancement proposals, no 1 proposal has spurred as much treatment except possibly a national gross revenues revenue enhancement. Companies such as H A ; R Block, comptrollers, and revenue enhancement attorneies will be certain to happen on capital hill buttonholing against this new easy revenue enhancement system. The result will be interesting to see. i Holcombe, Randall G. The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, Grolier ElectronicPublishing Inc. 1993 See. Income Taxii Michael Ruby. Three Cheers for a Flat Tax, U.S. News A ; World Report. February 20, 1995pp. 76iii GOP Tax Proposals, INTERNET. Site-http: //edf.www.media.mit.edu/taxintro.html SEE DickArmey # 8217 ; s Flat Tax Proposaliv Jeff A. Schnepper and Charles J. Santilli. Flat Tax Follies, USA Today. July 1992. pp. 27v Malcolm S. Forbes Jr. Fact and Comment: Gh ost of the Flat Tax, Forbes. March 27, 1995.pp. 27vi Christohper Farrell. A Jumble Merely a Flat Tax Can Untangle, Business Week. January 9,1995. pp. 39vii Ibid. pp 39. eight Ruby, pp. 76ix Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service. 1040NR Forms and Instructions.1995. pp.22

How to Say Hello in Italian 6 Common Greetings

How to Say Hello in Italian 6 Common Greetings SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you want to learn Italian or are you planning a vacation in Italy? Va bene! In this article, I’ll teach you some basic words to start introducing yourself in Italian. How to Say Hello in Italian There are many different ways to greet people in Italian. Here are some of the most common that you’ll encounter. Ciao Ciao is a common, informal way of greeting friends or peers. You’ll hear â€Å"ciao† a lot on the streets of Italy. It can be used as both â€Å"hello† and â€Å"goodbye.† Buongiorno "Buongiorno", which means "good morning†, is a more formal greeting. You can use â€Å"buongiorno† when entering a store, meeting your boss, or addressing someone older than you. Buonasera Don't be surprised if you hear Italians saying "buonasera" at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. â€Å"Buonasera† is a way of saying â€Å"hello† in the afternoons and evenings (think â€Å"good evening† in English). Another, less common greeting is â€Å"buon pomeriggio† which is used between noon and sunset. Most people will go with â€Å"buongiorno† or â€Å"buonasera† though. How to Say Goodbye in Italian Ready to head out? There are many ways to say â€Å"goodbye† in Italian, too. Ciao Remember, â€Å"ciao† works as both an informal hello and an informal goodbye. Arrivederci â€Å"Arrivederci† is a more formal goodbye than â€Å"ciao.† You can use this farewell when saying goodbye to an older person or someone you don’t know very well, like a store clerk or taxi driver. Una buona giornata If you really want to make a good impression when you leave a place like a restaurant, you can say â€Å"una buona giornata,† which means â€Å"Have a nice day!† You can use the expression "una buona serata!" if you’re leaving later in the day or night. A presto When you talk to someone you already know well (like a friend) or that you expect to see very soon, you can say "a presto," which means, "see you soon." Fun Facts About the Italian Language Like all languages, Italian is full of surprises. Here are some of our favorite facts about Italian: It’s the 20th Most Common Language The Italian language is spoken by 62 million people and is the official language in five countries of the world. It’s Derived From Latin Italian is a Romance language whose modern form comes from a Tuscan dialect. While Italy had many dialects for centuries, its current form was adopted because of its use in The Divine Comedy. It Has Interesting Vocals Italian is the most conservative language of Romance languages and has seven vowels with four degrees of openness, É›, e, i, É”, ou. It Doesn’t Use All of the Same Letters as English No Italian words contain k’s, j’s, x’s, or y’s. The Longest Word The longest word in Italian is â€Å"precipitevolissimevolmente† which means "in a way like someone/something that acts very hastily.† It doesn’t quite make sense in the English translation, but you get the picture! Say This Three Times Fast Looking for an Italian tongue twister? Try this one: "Trentatre trentini entered a Trento tutti e Trentatre trotterellando.† What does it mean? â€Å"Thirty-three people from Trento entered the city, all thirty-three trotting.† Too difficult? You can just stick with â€Å"Ciao!† What's Next? Interested in learning Japanese, too?Learn how to say "good morning" in Japanese, plus nine other key greetings. What's the best foreign language to take in high school?If you're wondering which language to study, check out our guideon which foreign language you should learn in school. Want to say "hello" in other languages?We have a chart of dozens of ways to say hello in different languages. Check it out! Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Hayley Milliman About the Author Hayley Milliman is a former teacher turned writer who blogs about education, history, and technology. When she was a teacher, Hayley's students regularly scored in the 99th percentile thanks to her passion for making topics digestible and accessible. In addition to her work for PrepScholar, Hayley is the author of Museum Hack's Guide to History's Fiercest Females. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Mammoths and Mastodons - Ancient Extinct Elephants

Mammoths and Mastodons - Ancient Extinct Elephants Mammoths and mastodons are two different species of extinct proboscidean (herbivorous land mammals), both of which were hunted by humans during the Pleistocene, and both of which share a common end. Both of the  megafauna- which means their bodies were larger than 100 pounds (45 kilograms)- died out at the end of the Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago, as part of the great megafaunal extinction. Fast Facts: Mammoths and Mastodons Mammoths are members of the Elephantidae family, including the woolly mammoth and the Columbian mammoth.  Mastodons are members of the Mammutidae family, restricted to North America and only distantly related to mammoths.  Mammoths thrived in grasslands; mastodons were forest dwellers.Both were hunted by their predators, human beings, and they both died out at the end of the Ice Age, part of the megafaunal extinction. Mammoths and mastodons were hunted by people, and numerous archaeological sites have been found around the world where the animals were killed and/or butchered. Mammoths and mastodons were exploited for meat, hide, bones, and sinew for food and other purposes, including bone and ivory tools, clothing, and house construction. Mammoths The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), or tundra mammoth. Science Picture Co / Getty Images Mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius or wooly mammoth) were a species of ancient extinct elephant, members of the Elephantidae family, which today includes modern elephants (Elephas and Loxodonta). Modern elephants are long-lived, with a complicated social structure; they use tools and demonstrate a wide range of complex learning skills and behavior. At this point, we still dont know whether the wooly mammoth (or its close relative the Columbian mammoth) shared those characteristics. Mammoth adults were about 10 feet (3 meters) tall at the shoulder, with long tusks and a coat of long reddish or yellowish hair- which is why youll sometimes see them described as wooly (or woolly) mammoths. Their remains are found throughout the northern hemisphere, becoming widespread in northeast Asia from 400,000 years ago. They reached Europe by the late Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 7 or beginning of MIS 6 (200,000–160,000 years ago), and northern North America during the Late Pleistocene. When they arrived in North America, their cousin Mammuthus  columbi (the Columbian mammoth) was dominant, and both are found together at some sites. Wooly mammoth remains are found within an area of some 33 million square kilometers, living everywhere except where there was inland glacier ice, high mountain chains, deserts and semi-deserts, year-round open water, continental shelf regions, or the replacement of tundra-steppe by extended grasslands. Mastodons Mastodon model in the Museum of Natural History Science, Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal. Richard Cummins / Lonely Planet Images / Getty Images Mastodons (Mammut americanum), on the other hand, were also ancient, enormous elephants, but they belong to the family Mammutidae and are only distantly related to the wooly mammoth. Mastodons were slightly smaller than mammoths, between 6–10 ft (1.8–3 m) tall at the shoulder), had no hair, and were restricted to the North America continent. Mastodons are one of the most common species of fossil mammal found, particularly mastodon teeth, and the remains of this late Plio-Pleistocene proboscidean are found across North America. Mammut americanum was primarily a forest-dwelling browser during the late Cenozoic of North America, feasting primarily on woody elements and fruit. They occupied dense coniferous forests of spruce (Picea) and pine (Pinus), and stable isotope analysis has shown they had a focused feeding strategy equivalent to C3 browsers. Mastodons fed on woody vegetation and kept to a different ecological niche than its contemporaries, the Columbian mammoth found in the cool steppes and grasslands in the western half of the continent, and the gomphothere, a mixed feeder who resided in tropical and subtropical environments. Analysis of mastodon dung from the Page-Ladson site in Florida (12,000 bp) indicates that they also ate hazelnut, wild squash (seeds and the bitter rind), and Osage oranges. The possible role of mastodons in the domestication of squash is discussed elsewhere. Sources Fisher, Daniel C. Paleobiology of Pleistocene Proboscideans. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46.1 (2018): 229–60. Print.Grayson, Donald K., and David J. Meltzer. Revisiting Paleoindian Exploitation of Extinct North American Mammals. Journal of Archaeological Science 56 (2015): 177–93. Print.Haynes, C. Vance, Todd A. Surovell, and Gregory W. L. Hodgins. The U.P. Mammoth Site, Carbon County, Wyoming, USA: More Questions Than Answers. Geoarchaeology 28.2 (2013): 99–111. Print.Haynes, Gary, and Janis Klimowicz. A Preliminary Review of Bone and Teeth Abnormalities Seen in Recent Loxodonta and Extinct Mammuthus and Mammut, and Suggested Implications. Quaternary International 379 (2015): 135–46. Print.Henrikson, L. Suzann, et al. Folsom Mammoth Hunters? The Terminal Pleistocene Assemblage from Owl Cave (10bv30), Wasden Site, Idaho. American Antiquity 82.3 (2017): 574–92. Print.Kahlke, Ralf-Dietrich. The Maximum Geographic Extension of Late Pl eistocene Mammuthus Primigenius (Proboscidea, Mammalia) and Its Limiting Factors. Quaternary International 379 (2015): 147–54. Print. Kharlamova, Anastasia, et al. Preserved Brain of the Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus Primigenius (Blumenbach 1799)) from the Yakutian Permafrost. Quaternary International 406, Part B (2016): 86–93. Print.Plotnikov, V. V., et al. Overview and Preliminary Analysis of the New Finds of Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus Primigenius Blumenbach, 1799) in the Yana-Indigirka Lowland, Yakutia, Russia. Quaternary International 406, Part B (2016): 70–85. Print.Roca, Alfred L., et al. Elephant Natural History: A Genomic Perspective. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 3.1 (2015): 139–67. Print.

Leadership Research and Commentary Annotated Bibliography

Leadership Research and Commentary - Annotated Bibliography Example The authors have provided an insightful information regarding various ways in which leaders can develop agility which may help them in adapting to the dynamic and ever-changing external environment. The discussions provide a strong incentive to the readers to achieve higher levels of efficiency as leaders through the five levels of mastery. This book includes a revolutionary concept with regard to leadership theory and practice. The author has discussed the U theory proposed by Scharmer and Senge, et al., in extensive detail. The various discussions and theories included in the book offer a wide perspective to the readers as well as organizational leaders regarding the manner in which they can develop critical skills to foresee and judge the requirements of the industry and customer’s tastes and preferences. The author has included in-depth interviews of over 150 leaders from across the globe which includes prominent entrepreneurs, educators, economists, cognitive scientists as well as other leaders from diverse fields who have displayed high levels of achievement and performance in their respective areas of expertise. The inclusion of such diverse perspectives helped in approaching the issue of leadership in a manner that allows for a holistic understanding of the concept. In this article, the author has addressed the changing role of management and hence leaders. In such a highly dynamic environment leading an organization towards success is a highly tedious task. It has been observed that at times the CEOs of companies may feel reluctant to actively participate in debates and issues critical to the organizations. In order to help them to confidently confront critical issues and prevent their organizations from any damage.

Enterprise Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Enterprise Risk Management - Essay Example The reason lies in that it lacks the integrated approach to the management of risk which characterises enterprise risk management. It is precisely for this reason that regulators in Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other developed countries have issued rules and guidelines that advocate an enterprise-wide approach to risk management, further pushing many companies to adopt ERM (Kleffner, Lee and McGannon, 2003). Quite simply stated, the drive towards the adoption of ERM, as opposed to RM is due to the fact that the integrated approach adopted by the former, and which is absent within the context of the latter, is regarded as a more effective and efficient approach to risk management. With that being the case, as this research will argue, the real question relates to the reasons why more corporations do not adopt ERM, as opposed to RM. In order to properly determine the reasons why ERM is considered superior to RM, it is important to define each of the two terms. These definitions will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of either approach and allow for a greater understanding of differences between them. Enterprise risk management has become a significant topic for larg... It provides an active, vital and comprehensive modelling approach for integrating all financial decisions and risks. This includes investment decisions, borrowing policies, liability, and setting of goals (Kleffner, Lee and McGannon, 2003). The comprehensive management of risks and the adoption of an integrated approach to risk management has several benefits. An enterprise with fully diversified losses requires much less capital than an enterprise with concentrated worst-case losses. In turn, the anticipated profitability of the company is affected by the degree of diversification since a reduction in capital will increase expected profits. The goal of ERM is to maximize the firm's overall profit, while maintaining its enterprise risks at acceptable levels (Mudge, 2000). Insurance companies, for example, should analyze their major risks so that adequate capital exists at the firm level to pay insurance policyholders in the event of legitimate insured losses. The desired level of capital depends upon the severity of claims. And since these claims are a direct function of random events, the insurance company must calculate a distribution of losses for its entire operations in order to set the proper level of firm-wide capital (Doherty, 2000). Due to this, Meulbroek (2002) insists that regulatory bodies should check these systems in order to validate that the risk management strategies are reasonably well developed and consistent with current approaches and practice. The firm-wide models are also known as Dynamic Financial Analysis. An ERM system consists of three primary elements. These are 1) a stochastic model for projecting a set of scenarios of the future --the scenario

The Importance of Early Childhood Education in the Development of Jamaican Children Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Early Childhood Education in the Development of Jamaican Children Essay As parents of young children, we often ponder which Early Childhood Program to enroll our children in. At one point in time they were non-existent. As early childhood educators emerged, programs were created. Interestingly, the Montessori approach is a specialized method created by Maria Montessori. The Montessori Method; which is widely used today was created with the focus of children learning from their environment (Morrison, 2009). Montessori’s are not aimed at talented and gifted children; this method is expressed in public and private school settings in conjunction with children attending up to age 18. In addition, Montessori serves the needs of children of all levels of mental and physical abilities (Stephenson, 2011). In 1870, Maria Montessori, the first Italian woman to secure a medical degree (Stephenson, 2011). With her degree she entered the fields of psychiatry, education and anthropology. She had a passion for young minds. She believed that children educate themselves. Montessori became a physician in 1896, attending the University of Rome psychiatric clinic. During her tenure, Dr. Montessori developed an enthusiasm for the study of children with special needs; where she also spoke on their behalf. Twenty-six years later, Maria relocated to San Lorenzo, Rome to study children without disabilities. There she observed fifty children which resulted in success. This success was recognized and spread all over, attracting travelers from all over to this remarkable case study. An in-depth explanation of what a Montessori truly is, Stephenson (2011) clearly states: A Montessori can be defined as a revolutionary method of observing and supporting the natural development of children. Montessori educational practice helps children develop creativity, problem solving,  critical thinking and time-management skills to contribute to society and the environment, and to become fulfilled persons in their particular time and place on Earth. The basis of Montessori practice in the classroom is mixed age group (3 ages- 6 ages in one class), individual choice of research and work, and interrupted concentration. Group lesson are seldom found in a Montessori classroom, but learning abounds. Since Montessori’s death, educators all over continue to implement and notice this method has worked all over the world with all kinds of children (wealthy, poor, gifted, normal, learning disabled, etc.) and environments (from slums, to elegant schools, etc. ). Maria agreed that when physical, mental, spiritual and emotional needs are met, children glow with excitement and a drive to play and work with enthusiasm, to learn, and to create. In conjunction, children exude a desire to teach, help and care for others and for their environment (Stephenson, 2011). During her lectures and travels, Maria Montessori was nominated twice for the Nobel Peace Prize. In addition to the explanation of a Montessori, the following is the Montessori Method. This method meticulously exemplifies how Montessori educators implement the method in various programs across the country. There are five basic principle associated with the Montessori Method. They are: Respect for the child, The Absorbent child, Sensitive periods, The Prepared environment and Auto-education. Respect for the children occurs when educators assist children with new projects, allowing them to learn for themselves. Giving the child room to explore their boundaries flourishes abilities for positive self- esteem (Morrison, 2009). Montessori also believed having respect for the child is a key element. She said (Morrison, 2009), As a rule, however we do not respect children. We try to force them to follow us without regard to their special needs. We are overwhelming with them, and above all, rude; and then we expect them to be submissive and well-behaved, knowing all the time how strong is their instinct of imitation and how touching their faith in and admiration of us. They will imitate us in any case. Let us treat them, therefore, with all the kindness which we would wish to help to develop in them. When it comes to a child’s mind; it can be described as a sponge. Their young minds continuously â€Å"absorb† information. Unintentionally, children cannot help but learn. In their own environments and in shared environments. The Absorbent mind refers to the idea that the minds of young children are receptive to and capable learning (Morrison, 2009). From birth to age six, these are the most important years of the absorbent mind. Shortridge (2003), compiled an essay about the absorbent mind in which Montessori states that the child learns by unconsciously taking in everything around him and actually constructs himself. Using his senses, he incarnates, or creates himself by absorbing his environment through his very act of living. Morrison (2009) adds, â€Å"What they learn depends greatly on their teachers, experiences, and environments†(Ch. 9). In the sensitive periods; learning is most likely to occur (Morrison, 2009). In our text (2009), Montessori recalls a sensitive period: A sensitive period refers to a special sensibility which a creature acquires in its infantile state, while it is still in a process of evolution. It is a transient disposition and limited to the acquisition of a particular trait. Once this trait or characteristic has been acquired, the special sensibility disappears. It is imperative for an educator to observe and ascertain sensitivity periods and sustain the proper environment. Many theorists believe this stage is considered the critical period. The critical period and the sensitive period contain a sensitive difference. The critical period mildly describes a child not receiving the â€Å"right† or enough stimuli during the window; they will be stagnant in learning in the future (Oswalt, 2008). However, theorists who believe in the sensitive period noted it would post difficulty for the childcare giver to attain what was not learned during the learning window of opportunity, still there is room for the child to learn at a later time (Oswalt, 2008). In a prepared environment it is believed children learn best. In an environment where children can do things for themselves; children are at liberty to explore materials of their own choosing. Within these prepared environments, are six principles: Freedom, Structure and Order, Beauty, Nature and Reality, Social environment and Intellectual environment (Irinyi, 2009). Freedom environment includes freedom of movement, the child must experience freedom of exploration. All of these freedom movements lead to a greater freedom (Irinyi, 2009). Structure and order in the classroom mirrors the sense of structure and order in the universe (Irinyi, 2009). A beautiful environment should suggest harmony and should invite the worker to work. Nature and reality strongly influenced Maria Montessori and believed children should actively interact with nature. Social environment promotes the freedom of children socially interacting with one another and also develop a sense of compassion and empathy for others (Irinyi, 2009). Briefly, auto-education is last principal of the Montessori Method. The prepared environment also stimulates auto-education which is the idea that children teach themselves through appropriate materials and activities (Morrison, 2009). Children who decide to â€Å"work† in the â€Å"kitchen† are able to role play as chefs and are able to make themselves and their peers something to eat. In the Early Childhood Education field, Montessori’s are not the only education program developed to focus on children’s developments. The High- Scope theory is based on Piaget, constructivism, Dewey and Vygotsky (Morrison, 2009). Children help establish curriculum. Experiences guide the programs of studies in promoting children’s active learning (Morrison, 2009). The Reggio Emilia approach founded by Loris Malaguzzi (1920-1994), a city in northern Italy, based on the philosophy and practice; that children are active of their own knowledge (Morrison, 2009). Curriculum is project oriented and learning is active. The Waldorf Education founded by Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) highlights the teaching of the whole child-head, hands, and heart (Morrison, 2009). Steiner strongly believed that education should be holistic. The study of myths, lores, and fairy tales promotes the imagination and multiculturalism (Morrison,2009). Combining all of the early childhood education programs, there is no one perfect curriculum. Today, there is a combination of all four education types being taught in school districts. Each approach is important and critical. Personally, I would agree that The Montessori Method best serves the needs because this approach allows children to grow and learn at their pace. They are not forced to retain information if the brain is not processing at the pace that is requested and required for children. Also, the environment plays a serious role in this learning and teaching process. If a child is in a stressed environment, the child is less likely to participate and socialize with his or her peers. When a child is in a peaceful or beautiful environment, the child is more inclined to interact with the world with a clear mind. Indeed, while there are multiple Early Childhood Education programs available, the Montessori Method was created with the focus of children learning from their environment (Morrison, 2009). Not to say that this particular method is paramount, but beneficial results have emerged from this program. In Head Start facilities, High- Scope, Reggio Emilia Approach, the Montessori Method and the Waldorf Education should be integrated in facilities today and for the future. References Irinyi, M. (2009, March 18). Principles of the montessori prepared environment. Retrieved from http://montessoritraining. blogspot. com/2009/03/principles-of-montessori-prepared. html Morrison, G. S. (2009). Early childhood education today. (11th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Oswalt, A. (2008, January 17th). Senisitive periods in mental health. Retrieved from http://www. mentalhelp. net/poc/view_doc. php? type=docid=7923cn=28 Shortridge, P. D. (2003). The absorbent mind and the sensitive periods. Retrieved from http://www. pdonohueshortridge. com/children/absorbent. html Stephenson, S. M. (2011). The international Montessori index. Retrieved from http://www. montessori. edu.

The Battle of San Pasqual :: essays research papers fc

The Battle of San Pasqual   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The battle of San Pasqual was one of the many battles fought against Americans to protect their land. The greedy American government was determined to conquer California from Mexico and make it part of the union. The mass migration of immigrants caused the widespread of people to flee south.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mexico had departed from Spain in 1821. California wanted to manage their own affairs however, they lacked self government. Pio Pico was the civil governor and Jose Castro was the military comandante. The two men held great hostility toward each other. They divided California’s land and raised armies for themselves. These divisions of armies led to future problems, due to the lack of unity between the two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States Navy arrived in Monterey on July 2, 1846. â€Å"The two California leaders made a half-hearted attempt at cooperation† (Johns 2). The two men and their followers met at a ranch near San Luis Obispo to agree on an opposition towards the American forces. The lack of trust within one another led the two armies to march in separate units to Los Angeles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon the troops arrival in Los Angeles Castro wrote a letter to Commodore Robert F. Stockton demanding to discuss a way of preventing war. Stockton wrote back concluding that the men must allow American forces to raise an American flag in California. Baldridge 2 The American flag represented that California was America’s land. Stockton also claimed that a treaty would be issued after the flag was inputted in the California soil. Castro refused to take the American negotiation. Castro soon spread the word of American disgrace to Governor Pico, and he also informed him that he was vacating the land due to a lack of resources. He claimed the resources were unable to carry on a war. Pico soon followed with the same intentions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Following the departures of Pio Pico and Jose Castro, the United States naval forces entered Los Angeles without opposition and raised the stars and stripes on August 31, Stockton appointed Captain Archibald Gillespie military commandant of the town, with instruction to be vigilant, firm and strict, and by no means permit anyone to escape† (Johns 3). California natives soon grew angry with Gillespie’s demands and lodged an attack on him; the Americans won the small battle. And, four days later California won another attack at Chino Rancho of Isaac Williams. â€Å"Encouraged by their success, the local inhabitants then gathered a large force which surrounded the detachment in the pueblo and forced Gillespie to evacuate his post on Sept, 30† (Johns 5).

Economics Book Critique Essay

Paul Rubin began his preface by stating that tabula rasa should no longer be viewed as something credible. Rubin maintained his conclusion that evolutionary biology would eventually be the foundation of all social sciences. He maintained that the fundamental taste for liberty is a genetic legacy from the hunter-gatherer bands in the history of mankind. He stated, â€Å"I reach a surprising conclusion: modern western nations, and particularly the United States, are the most effective societies for satisfying our evolved political preferences† (Paul, p. x) Rubin’s attitude’s towards liberty is the one which cost me a great deal of apprehension, in spite of the fact that it is not brought up much in the book. Although I enjoyed reading the book, the fact that so little has been said regarding freedom, I believe, ought to be a cause of serious apprehension. In regard of the contended predominance of Rubin’s concentration on the biological foundation which lies beneath the current state of human liberty, he should have considered beginning with animal freedom as articulated by, say, Pavlov on the â€Å"freedom-reflexes†. The foundation of Rubin’s opinion appears to be a firm certainty that human control and freedom are polar opposites. In fact on his Preface he claimed that when he began the research he was still a libertarian and thus he does not understand much of government’s constant rules regarding human behavior. He stated, â€Å"I have not used evolutionary analysis to prove points in which I already believed† (Paul, p. xv). I was quite bewildered upon reading this remark especially since his declarations seems to exhibit an absolute lack of understanding regarding the vital social control as well as counter-control procedures. It also showed a black void of nearly enormous quantities in awareness of the huge body of literature which could be dated back from the founders of civilization. Rubin feelingly asserted â€Å"There are substantial benefits from limiting government power and great dangers from allowing it to increase. It is, therefore, a puzzle, to explain why so many seek to increase the power of government† (Paul, p. 134). His statement seems to be a little naive. Rubin admitted that most normal individual’s desires governments to do pretty much more than defend them from dishonest dealers, banks, and the like. Most citizens knows the danger of the profound corruption from financial organizations and this is the reason why it is not really much a â€Å"puzzle† why they want to increase government power. The same could be said with the world’s third world countries with weak economies. They look for international kind of government in order for the mistreatment of other advanced countries to be limited if not stopped altogether. The book Professor Rubin wrote is interesting in spite of the fact that I do not agree much with the things he mentioned there particularly on the issue of freedom. Professor Rubin’s, Professor of Economics, attitude towards society and liberty appears to intentionally shun the standard control terminology. He talks a great deal of power, and acquiescence in separate terms of dominant, counter dominant, and the like instead of using the standard terms such as social control and counter control. There are no discussions regarding socialization, customs, introjections of values, punishments, and the like. Overall, I view Professor Rubin’s work to be stimulating particularly because he have some unique views of his own which made me think mentally and allowed me to exercise my faculty of reason. Although I do not agree much with the things he claims, I could still say that his book was an interesting read as well as thought provoking and for these reasons I recommend this book to everyone.

Apple Case Study 1

Apple Table of Contents: I. Introduction II. Opening Case III. Competitor Analysis IV. Sales Analysis V. Profitability Analysis VI. Cross Elasticity of Demand: Competitors v/s iPhone VII. Demand, Cost and Pricing VIII. Pure competition, Monopolistic Competition & Oligopoly IX. Conclusion X. References I. Introduction Apple Inc. (Apple) designs, manufactures and markets a range of personal computers, mobile communication and media devices, and portable digital music players, and sells a range of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. It's products and services include Macintosh (Mac) computers, iPhone, iPad, iPod, Apple TV, Xserve, a portfolio of consumer and professional software applications, the Mac OS X and iOS operating systems, third-party digital content and applications through the iTunes Store, and a range of accessory, service and support offerings. The Company sells its products globally through its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force and third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers. As of September 25, 2010, the Company had opened a total of 317 retail stores, including 233 stores in the United States and 84 stores internationally. II. Opening Case: Apple reveals the iPhone MACWORLD SAN FRANCISCO—January 9, 2007—Apple ® today introduced iPhone, combining three products—a revolutionary mobile phone, a widescreen iPod ® with touch controls, and a breakthrough Internet communications device with desktop-class email, web browsing, searching and maps—into one small and lightweight handheld device. Phone introduces an entirely new user interface based on a large multi-touch display and pioneering new software, letting users control iPhone with just their fingers. iPhone also ushers in an era of software power and sophistication never before seen in a mobile device, which completely redefines what users can do on their mobile phones. â€Å"iPhone is a revolutionary and magical product that is literally five years ahead of any other mobi le phone,† said Steve Jobs, Apple’s CEO. We are all born with the ultimate pointing device—our fingers—and iPhone uses them to create the most revolutionary user interface since the mouse. † iPhone is a Revolutionary Mobile Phone iPhone is a revolutionary new mobile phone that allows users to make calls by simply pointing at a name or number. iPhone syncs all of your contacts from your PC, Mac ® or Internet service such as Yahoo! , so that you always have your full list of up-to-date contacts with you. In addition, you can easily construct a favorites list for your most frequently made calls, and easily merge calls together to create conference calls. iPhone’s pioneering Visual Voicemail, an industry first, lets users look at a listing of their voicemails, decide which messages to listen to, then go directly to those messages without listening to the prior messages. Just like email, iPhone’s Visual Voicemail enables users to immediately randomly access those messages that interest them most. Phone includes an SMS application with a full QWERTY soft keyboard to easily send and receive SMS messages in multiple sessions. When users need to type, iPhone presents them with an elegant touch keyboard which is predictive to prevent and correct mistakes, making it much easier and more efficient to use than the small plastic keyboards on many smartphones. iPhone also includes a calendar application that allows calendars to be automatically synced with your PC or Mac. iPhone fea tures a 2 megapixel camera and a photo management application that is far beyond anything on a phone today. Users can browse their photo library, which can be easily synced from their PC or Mac, with just a flick of a finger and easily choose a photo for their wallpaper or to include in an email. iPhone is a quad-band GSM phone which also features EDGE and Wi-Fi wireless technologies for data networking. Apple has chosen Cingular, the best and most popular carrier in the US with over 58 million subscribers, to be Apple’s exclusive carrier partner for iPhone in the US. iPhone is a Widescreen iPod Phone is a widescreen iPod with touch controls that lets music lovers â€Å"touch† their music by easily scrolling through entire lists of songs, artists, albums and playlists with just a flick of a finger. Album artwork is stunningly presented on iPhone’s large and vibrant display. iPhone also features Cover Flow, Apple’s amazing way to browse your music library by album cover artwork, for the first time on an iPod. When navigating your music library on iPhone, you are automatically switched into Cover Flow by simply rotating iPhone into its landscape position. Phone’s stunning 3. 5-inch widescreen display offers the ultimate way to watch TV shows and movies on a pocketable device, with touch controls for play-pause, chapter forward-backward and volume. iPhone plays the same videos purchased from the online iTunes ® Store that users enjoy watching on their computers and iPods, and will soon enjoy watching on their widescreen televisions using the new Apple TVâ„ ¢. The iTunes Store now offers over 350 television shows, over 250 feature films and over 5,000 music videos. Phone lets users enjoy all their iPod content, including music, audiobooks, audio podcasts, video podcasts, music videos, television shows and movies. iPhone syncs content from a user’s iTunes library on their PC or Mac, and can play any music or video content they have purchased from the online iTunes store. iPhone is a Breakthrough Internet Communications Device iPhone features a rich HTML email client which fetches your email in the background from most POP3 or IMAP mail services and displays photos and graphics right along with the text. Phone is fully multi-tasking, so you can be reading a web page while downloading your email in the background. Yahoo! Mail, the world’s largest email service with over 250 million users, is offering a new free â€Å"push† IMAP email service to all iPhone users that automatically pushes new email to a user’s iPhone, and can be set up by simply entering your Yahoo! name and password. iPhone will also work with most industry standard IMAP and POP based email services, such as Microsoft Exchange, Apple . Mac Mail, AOL Mail, Google Gmail and most ISP mail services. iPhone also features the most advanced and fun-to-use web browser on a portable device with a version of its award-winning Safariâ„ ¢ web browser for iPhone. Users can see any web page the way it was designed to be seen, and then easily zoom in to expand any section by simply tapping on iPhone’s multi-touch display with their finger. Users can surf the web from just about anywhere over Wi-Fi or EDGE, and can automatically sync their bookmarks from their PC or Mac. Phone’s Safari web browser also includes built-in Google Search and Yahoo! Search so users can instantly search for information on their iPhone just like they do on their computer. iPhone also includes Google Maps, featuring Google’s groundbreaking maps service and iPhone’s amazing maps application, offering the best maps experience by far on any pocket device. Users can view maps, satellite images, traffic information and get direct ions, all from iPhone’s remarkable and easy-to-use touch interface. iPhone’s Advanced Sensors Phone employs advanced built-in sensors—an accelerometer, a proximity sensor and an ambient light sensor—that automatically enhance the user experience and extend battery life. iPhone’s built-in accelerometer detects when the user has rotated the device from portrait to landscape, then automatically changes the contents of the display accordingly, with users immediately seeing the entire width of a web page, or a photo in its proper landscape aspect ratio. iPhone’s built-in proximity sensor detects when you lift iPhone to your ear and immediately turns off the display to save power and prevent inadvertent touches until iPhone is moved away. Phone’s built-in ambient light sensor automatically adjusts the display’s brightness to the appropriate level for the current ambient light, thereby enhancing the user experience and saving power at the same time. Pricing ; Availability iPhone will be available in the US in June 2007, Europe in late 2007, and Asia in 2008, in a 4GB model for $499 (US) and an 8GB model for $599 (US), and will work with either a PC or Mac. iPhone will be sold in the US through Apple’s retail and online stores, and through Cingular’s retail and online stores. Several iPhone accessories will also be available in June, including Apple’s new remarkably compact Bluetooth headset. iPhone includes support for quad-band GSM, EDGE, 802. 11b/g Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 2. 0 EDR wireless technologies. iPhone requires a Mac with a USB 2. 0 port, Mac OS ® X v10. 4. 8 or later and iTunes 7; or a Windows PC with a USB 2. 0 port and Windows 2000 (Service Pack 4), Windows XP Home or Professional (Service Pack 2). Internet access is required and a broadband connection is recommended. Apple and Cingular will announce service plans for iPhone before it begins shipping in June. III. Competitor Analysis Market Share by OS Nokia still has a third of the overall mobile phone market. The average selling price of a Nokia Smartphone fell by 21% from 2009. Nokia is selling plenty of devices, but they are at the cheap end of the market. They lost what some in the industry refer to as â€Å"mindshare† to Apple's iPhone and the Google Android mobile software platform. Nokia wants to sell services – music, maps, and applications – as well as hardware but high-end phone users are looking elsewhere. The company says a new family of Smartphone’s, led by the N8 released in 2010, will revive its fortunes at the top end of the market. Nokia chief executive Stephen Elop was forced to abandon the mobile phone giant's in September 2010. The news that the Finnish firm might only break even in the second quarter of this year slashed 25 per cent off its value in 24 hours. Mobile phone manufacturer Nokia has announced it will shed 7,000 jobs from next year as part of a plan to refocus the company on Smartphone. The Finnish firm is moving from Symbian to Microsoft's Smartphone technology. The firm recently confirmed the deal with Microsoft last week to jointly develop Smartphone technology, which will cut costs by about 1bn Euros a year. Under the terms of that deal, Nokia agreed to start using the Microsoft's operating system on its Smartphone instead of its own Symbian platform. Nokia's response to the Smartphone threat from competitors such as Apple's iPhone and phones using Google's Android system has been long been a key investor concern. Prior to the iPhone, Nokia was the king of mobile handsets. Now its share of the Smartphone market has plunged from 47 per cent to 27 per cent. It has also lost its ranking as the largest handset maker in terms of revenue to Apple. Android When Google decided to get into the Smartphone business it decided that Android devices would be everything that the iPhone was not. Apple one or two handsets, Google on the other hand was laying out a great number of handsets. Manufacturers such as HTC, LG and Motorola could use the new operating system for free. It enabled Google to have phones for every section of the market – high powered and pricey, cheap and practical. Android's real selling point would be the apps. Here too, the policy was one of openness. Apple controlled its App store controlling every submission and rejecting those that contravened its rules. For Android anyone who had written an app could upload it. At first, users and app developers welcomed the free-and-easy approach. However, some have begun to question if Google's policy for the apps is the best way to manage the Market. Three years after its launch, hardware sales are booming. Yet sales of Android apps remain relatively poor. Estimates of Apple’s App store in 2010 were ? 1. billion. Android Market managed just ? 62 million. The figure was lower than both Blackberry App World (? 100m) and Nokia's Ovi store (? 64m). Research predicts massive improvements for Android by this time 2012 but it is still expected to lag far behind iOS. Finally Android's market share grew to surpass the Symbian platform used by Nokia making it the most sold Smartphone Microsoft Microsoft market share is declining in the Smartphone platf orm market. Windows Phone 7 lacks a number of features despite the innovation of its user interface. Microsoft hopes to gain market share once Nokia Windows Phones and its wide-ranging â€Å"Mango† software update get released later in 2011. Microsoft has unveiled the first major update to its Windows Phone 7 operating system it launched in 2010. The update, codenamed Mango, intdoduces more than 500 changes. Microsoft’s attempts to break into the Smartphone race have been mediocre at best. Currently, the company controls less than 4% of the market. Despite this, Microsoft’s Windows Phone 7 platform is forecasted to beat Android in 2013. Microsoft introduced Pocket PC in 2000, followed by Windows Mobile in 2003, prior to Apple and Android's release. However it still failed to compete in the market, or rival Symbian who controlled nearly 90% of the market share. Microsoft lacked the features and compatibility that Symbian was featuring at the time, and as a result, consumers refused to recognize its product or give Microsoft the opportunity to be a contender in the Smartphone industry. The platform was notoriously sluggish and the most difficult of any platform to use. Microsoft tried to solve some of these issues with minor tweaks and software updates over the years to little or no avail. As Windows Mobile market shares continued to decline, Microsoft had no other option than to overhaul the Microsoft platform and launch Windows Phone 7 in 2010. Windows Phone 7 was much improved. But Microsoft still failed to take control of the market, or garner any real significant attention from consumers. RIM Research In Motion has given up more ground to Apple and Google in the hypercompetitive Smartphone market, a report shows, while two brokerages cut their price targets for the BlackBerry maker on concerns it can no longer keep pace. The latest figures dropped RIM from second to third place. The Canadian company's struggle to compete is unlikely to get any easier, with Apple's upcoming iCloud service expected to hurt RIM. IV. Sales Analysis Apple  produced some stellar results: revenues up 48% year-on-year to $13. 5bn, and profits up. The process is confused because  Apple has begun restating its year-ago earnings, to take into account the fact that it now recognizes income and revenue from subscription-based products such as the  iPhone(which may be sold on an 18-month contract) as soon as it gets it, rather than deferring it over the life of the device/contract as it used to. It began doing that in the most recent quarter, covering Christmas, which – confusingly – is the first quarter of its financial year. So previously, the second-quarter revenues were $8. 16bn, not the newly-restated $9. 08bn; the profits were $1. 21bn, not the now-given figure of $1. 62bn. The numbers also don't include the iPad, because the quarter ended on March 31 – the iPad was launched three days later. According to MacJournals, which chewed over the numbers, â€Å"At $5. 445 billion, iPhone sales accounted for 40% of Apple's revenue. All Mac sales were 28%, all  iPod/Music sales were 24%. Mac sales are 2. 943m units, generating revenue of $3. 76bn – which Apple says was 33% year-on-year growth, compared to market growth of 24%. The company's market share of mobile subscribers has also taken a deep plunge. Market research firm comScore says that between October and January, Microsoft's share of the market fell from 19. 7% to 15. 7%. RIM, the maker o f the BlackBerry, remained the leader, growing from 41. 3% to 43%. Apple ‘s iPhone increased slightly, from 24. 8% to 25. 1%, and Google's Android grew by more than 250%, going from 2. 8% to 7. An interesting analysis comes from Tomi Ahonen, a former Nokia executive. â€Å"I am writing the first history of the once-iconic iPhone, written now in early April 2010, before Apple has released its first quarter earnings for 2010. This is literally the peak of the short reign that Apple's iPhone had as the most emulated Smartphone. [†¦] And mark my words, the numbers are now very clear, Apple's market share peak among smartphones, and among all handsets, on an annual basis, is being witnessed now. † V. Profitability Analysis Apple reported in the second quarter of 2011 that net income rose 95 percent, to $5. 9 billion, or $6. 40 a share, from $3. 07 billion, or $3. 33 a share, in 2010. Revenue climbed 83 percent, to $24. 67 billion, from $13. 5 billion. The profit margin in 2011 is 22. 36% of the sales which is an improvement over the level the company achieved in 2010. The company’s return of equity is 38. 78% while in 2010 it was 26. 2% which means that there is a 12. 58% increase on the return of equity. The gross margin is 39. 07% which is slightly better than the company achieved in 2010. VI. Cross Elasticity of Demand: Competitors V/s iPhone When the iphone 3GS was released on July 11, 2008 it cost $199 with the AT;T two year contract. In January 2011 Apple cut the iphone 3GS price to $50. cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for product A% ? in price for product B %? in price for iphone: Price of Iphone 3GS, 2010 + Price of Iphone 3GS, 2011? Price of Iphone = 199 + 5050-199 = -1. 671% With the Market share OS table above we can compute the % ? I demand for prodct competing with the iphone. %? in demand for Symbian = Symbian market share of Q1 2011 – Symbian market share of 2010 = 27. 4% – 37. 6% = -8. % Symbian-iphone cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for Symbian% ? in price for Iphone = -8. 6%-1. 671% = 5. 146 %? in demand for Android = Android market share of Q1 2011 – Android market share of 2010 = 36% – 22. 7% = 13. 3% Android -iphone cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for Android% ? in price for Iphone = 13. 3%-1. 671% = -7. 959 %? in demand for R IM = RIM market share of Q1 2011 – RIM market share of 2010 = 12. 9% – 16. 0% = -3. 1% RIM -iphone cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for RIM% ? in price for Iphone = -3. 1%-1. 671% = 1. 855 ? in demand for Microsoft = Microsoft market share of Q1 2011 – Microsoft market share of 2010 = 3. 6% – 4. 2% = -0. 6% Microsoft -iphone cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for Microsoft % ? in price for Iphone = -0. 6%-1. 671% = 0. 359 The price elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of quantity demanded by a change of 1 percent in price. It is calculated by dividing the percentage change in the demanded quantity by the corresponding percentage change in price. The iPhone was launched in the US roughly at the beginning of the second Quarter 2008, at a price of $599. In mid September Apple reduced the price for the iPhone by 33% from $599 to $434. According to the quarterly reports, Apple sold 270 000 iPhones in the second quarter and 1,119 000 iPhones in the third quarter. If calculated according to the equation for price elasticity of demand, the iPhone would have a price elasticity of 4. 7, which means that Apple would lose almost 4. 7 percent of iPhone sales for each corresponding 1 percent increase in price. Since elasticity is greater than 1 the price is inelastic so the iPhone is a luxury commodity. Many consumers wait until increased competition forces Apple to decrease prices. VII. Demand, Cost ; Pricing Demand Apple’s iPhone Supply and Demand Concept of Supply and Demand There is a general rule in economics that if the price of a certain good or service rises, then the demand for such good or service declines. If the price decreases, then potential demand also increases (inverse relationship). On the supply side, if the price of a good or service increases, then firms will be willing to supply the market with higher volume of such good or service. If the price decreases, then firms will cut their supply of the good or service (positive relationship. The market then adjusts the price of the good or service in order to satisfy both the consumers and the suppliers. This is called market equilibrium. Apple iPhone Demand Last July, Apple iPhone was able to outsell all smart phones in the United States. It almost equaled the sales of the most popular feature phone (LG chocolate), giving it a relatively stable position in the market. New Apple handset models accounted for almost 1 . of all phone handset sales in the US for about a month. It was estimated that the demand for Apple iPhone was rising at7 . 2 a month, equivalent to about 5 million units of quantity demanded. The market research firm iSuppli noted â€Å"This is a remarkable accomplishment for Apple, considering that July marked the first full month of sales for the iPhone. While iSuppli has not collected historical information on this topic, it’s likely that the s peed of the iPhone ‘s rise to competitive dominance in its segment is unprecedented in the history of the mobile-handset market (Marsal ,2007 . In short , almost unexpected rise in demand of Apple iPhone was unaccounted by many experts , including of which are some of its competitors . The same research firm also noted that survey revealed that almost 57 of iPhones (bought in July ) were purchased by US consumers . Most of the consumers are aged 17-35. Almost 52 of the consumers of this product are male, and about 48 are female, revealing an almost equal propensity to consume for the product among the sexes. Added to that, iSuppli noted that 62 of the consumers of the product are actually college graduates or those with graduate courses . Nonetheless , the same research firm noted that â€Å"some of the iPhone ‘s success in July can be attributed to pent-up demand following months of hype (stagnant demand). Real proof of success will come in the coming months as demand patterns stabilize (Marsal, 2007). This prediction was almost accurate when the demand for iPhone was almost rising at 8 per month (month of June). Cost Apple's Iphone 4 smartphone, for which it's charging at least $500 at retail, is built of parts that cost $187. 51, according to market research firm Isuppli. According to the tear-down the most expensive part of the Iphone 4 is the 3. 5-inch LCD screen which costs $28. 50. Isuppli thinks that the Iphone 4 screen must be identical to one made by LG. It seems that Apple has managed to keep its parts cost at about $170 to $180 per unit. Isuppli's cost estimate doesn't include labour, shipping, advertising, software development or patent licensing. The cost is based on a 16GB version of the Iphone 4 but the low costs of each componant are fairly staggering. The Apple A4 processor reportedly is made by Samsung Electronics for $10. 75 per chip. Isuppli thinks that Geneva-based STMicroelectronics supplied the gyroscope chip at an estimated cost of $2. 60, as well as an accelerometer chip used in previous Iphone versions, which has an estimated cost of 65 cents. Other component suppliers named by Isuppli include Skyworks, a wireless chipmaker and TriQuint Semiconductor. In 2009, Isuppli estimated that the components and materials used in the iPhone 3GS cost about $179. Since then Isuppli thinks that the materials costs for that model have fallen to $134. Thus the Iphone 4 costs a bit more to make than the earlier model. Of course this means that Apple's gross margin on the hardware in Iphones is extremely high. The actual price margin gets obscured by the fact that AT&T heavily subsidises the phone in the US for about what it costs to manufacture. However the real winner is Apple, which does not have to pay for the cost of manufacture and still takes home about three times Iphone 4 production costs, on average. Pricing Because the iPhone price is entirely set by Apple, it makes an interesting case study on how much the price of technology drops over time. The official price of the iPhone periodically drops, as shown in the table below. But, there are no sales and a new iPhone is never sold for less than the official price. (There are occasionally sales on the refurbished iPhones for example on black Friday the refurbished 3GS was sold for $50. 00 instead of the usual $150. 00. )   Finding historical street price data is harder than historical MSRP data. For the iPhone both prices are the same. The table showing the historical price is included below. 1st Gen 4GB| 1st Gen 8GB| 3G| 3GS 16GB| 3GS 32GB| 29 June 2007| $499. 0*| $599*| N/A| N/A| N/A| 5 Sept 2007| Discontinued| $399| N/A| N/A| N/A| June 2008| N/A| N/A| $199| N/A| N/A| June 2009| N/A| N/A| $99| $199| $299| VIII. Pure competition, Monopolistic Competition & Oligopoly Apple Inc. planned to begin producing this year a new iPhone that could allow U. S. phone carriers other than AT&T Inc. to sell the iconic gadget, said people briefed by the company. The new iPhone would work on a type of wireless network called CDMA, these people said. CDMA is used by Verizon Wireless, AT&T's main competitor, as well as Sprint Nextel Corp. nd a handful of cellular operators in countries including South Korea and Japan. The vast majority of carriers world-wide, including AT;T, use another technology called GSM. With Apple developing a phone with CDMA capability, its exclusive U. S. arrangement with AT;T dating to 2007 appears set to end. Verizon Wireless, owned by Verizon Communications Inc. and Vodafone Group PLC, declined to comment. An AT;T spokesman said: â€Å"There has been lots of incorrect speculation on CDMA iPhones for a long time. We haven't seen one yet and only Apple knows when that might occur. † Apple declined to comment. For AT;T, the Apple relationship has been crucial, helping to make the carrier the U. S. leader in lucrative smart-phone market share. According to comScore Inc. , AT;T has over 43% of all U. S. smart-phone customers, compared with 23% for Verizon. These customers are especially attractive because they generally pay higher monthly rates for data plans. For several quarters, AT;T's growth has come almost single-handedly from the iPhone. In the fourth quarter of 2009, the carrier said it activated 3. 1 million new iPhones. In comparison, it counted only a net total of 2. million new subscribers as some customers moved from other phones to iPhones. Now that a new Verizon-compatible iPhone appears to be on the horizon, Digits looks at what Apple can do to win over mobile business users, particularly from RIMM's BlackBerry market. The people briefed on the matter said the upgraded GSM iPhone is being made by Taiwanese contract manufacturer Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. , which produced A pple's previous iPhones. The CDMA iPhone model is being made by Pegatron Technology Corp. , the contract manufacturing subsidiary of Taiwan's ASUSTeK Computer Inc. said these people. One person familiar with the situation said Pegatron is scheduled to start mass producing CDMA iPhones in September. Other people said, however, that the schedule could change and the phone may not be available to consumers immediately after production begins. Representatives of Pegatron and Hon Hai declined to comment. Verizon has publicly stated its interest in the iPhone, but people familiar with the situation said Apple originally decided against developing a phone for Verizon to keep its development process simple, since the technologies are incompatible. Verizon also is upgrading its network to a higher-speed technology, so Apple has said it believed CDMA was a short-term technology. Apple later changed its mind as it realized Verizon's upgrade would take longer than expected, said people familiar with the situation. Making the iPhone available through Verizon, which has over 91 million customers, as well as potentially other CDMA carriers could open up a significant new market. In 2009, iPhone sales globally rose 83% to 25. million, far outpacing the 20% to 25% growth in smart phones sales overall, according to Bernstein. But since Apple already dominates smart-phone sales through existing partners, â€Å"sooner rather than later, Apple is going to have to look to find incremental distribution,† which implies a monopolistic competition between all smart phone sellers, said Bernstein analyst Toni Sacconaghi. He estimates Verizon could help Apple nearly double the number of iPhone users in the U. S. Some advantages that iPhone has comparing to other smart phones are: 1. Pod: iPhone is a not just a phone it is widescreen iPod with touch controls that lets you enjoy all your content — including music, audiobooks, videos, TV shows, and movies — on a beautiful 3. 5-inch widescreen display (Nokia N95 only has a 2. 6 inch screen). The N95 does have a good media player, however with all the iPod features and 4 GB / 8 GB space, it makes the iPhone the best music phone. 2. Advanced Safari browser: iPhone lets you see any web page the way it was designed to be seen, then easily zoom in by simply tapping on the multi-touch display with your finger which will change mobile browsing for the good. . OS X: All the power and sophistication of an advanced operating system that gives you access to true desktop-class applications and software, including rich HTML email, applications such as widgets, Safari, calendar, text messaging, Notes, and Address Book etc. iPhone is fully multi-tasking, so you can read a web page while downloading your email in the background. This software completely redefines what you can do with a mobile phone. 4. User Interface: iPhone features the most revolutionary user interface since the mouse. It’s an entirely new interface based on a large multi-touch display and innovative new software that lets you control everything using only your fingers. 5. Visual Voicemail: The iPhone lets you select and listen to voicemail messages in whatever order you want — just like email using a revolutionary new feature called the visual voicemail. IX. Conclusion Analyzing as managerial economics students, we can conclude that although the current methods and techniques are serving us well in analyzing the current market situation, there will be new techniques emerging in the future with global changes occurring at leaping speeds. What is essential is for us to grasp is that the theory is flexible with these changes and that it can be shaped or rounded to be applied to any market situation analysis. The content and subjects we learned in this course are nothing but the bedrock tools that any manager needs to know and use in his daily life in order to forecast revenues and demand, analyze current markets and evaluate his company’s stance regarding his competitors. X. References ttp://theblogpaper. co. uk/article/business/31may09/price-elasticity-demand-iphone http://news. cnet. com/8301-13506_3-20064223-17. html http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-10725887 http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-13284156 http://m. ibtimes. com/microsoft-windows-phone7-google-android-apple-157595. html http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/06/03/us-rim-research-ubs-idUSTRE7523PP20110603 www. newyorktimes. com www. wallstreetjournal. com